The Country & People of Sudan
Special Arab Files
This page contains links to sites in Sudan and Sudan related sites.
For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information visit Arab Countries
The Country & People of Sudan
Special Arab Files
This page contains links to sites in Sudan and Sudan related sites.
For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information visit Arab Countries
History
Northeast Sudan, called Nubia in ancient times, was colonized by Egypt about 2000 BC and was ruled by the Cush kingdom from the 8th cent. BC to the 4th cent AD Most of Nubia was converted to Coptic Christianity in the 6th cent., but by the 15th cent. Islam prevailed. In 1821 the north was conquered by Egypt, but a revolt by the nationalist Mahdi in 1881 forced an Egyptian withdrawal. In the 1890s an Anglo-Egyptian force under Herbert Kitchener destroyed the theocratic Mahdist state, and in 1899 most of Sudan came under the joint rule of Egypt and Britain (with Britain exercising actual control).
Independence was achieved in 1956. In 1955 the animist southerners, fearing that the new nation would be dominated by the Muslim north, began a civil war that lasted 17 years. In 1972 Pres. Muhammad Gaafar al-Nimeiry ended the war by granting the south a measure of autonomy. However, his imposition of Islamic law on the entire country in 1983 reopened the conflict, and close to 2 million have died since, many from starvation.
Nimeiry was deposed by a military coup in 1986. A short-lived civilian government was overthrown in 1989 by Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan al-Bashir; he officially became president in 1993 and was elected to the post in 1996. Bashir's government reinstituted Islamic law, banned opposition parties, and jailed dissidents. Throughout the 1990s the army mounted offensives against the rebels in S Sudan; several cease-fires were announced to allow the distribution of food to famine victims, but they did not hold. In recent years Sudan has supported Muslim fundamentalists internationally.
In 1998 U.S. missiles destroyed a pharmaceutical plant in Khartoum that was suspected of manufacturing chemical weapon compounds to be used in terrorist activities, but international investigators were unable to find evidence to support the charges.
In late 1999 a power struggle developed between Bashir and the speaker of the parliament, Hassan al-Turabi. Bashir dissolved parliament and in 2000 also secured his control of the ruling National Congress party. In Dec. 2000 he was reelected president, and his party swept the parlimentary elections; the opposition boycotted the vote. Turabi was put under house arrest in Feb. 2001 after signing an agreement with the rebels calling for peaceful resistance to Bashir's government.
The government and rebels agreed in July 2002 to a framework for peace that called for autonomy for the south and a referendum on independence after six years, and a truce was signed in October. Despite some cease-fire violations, talks continued in 2003. The Darfur rebels subsequently agreed to form alliance with the Beja rebels in NE Sudan (around Kasala) if they were not included in any settlement with the government; the Beja group had expected to be part of the negotiations with the southern rebels.
Militias allied with the government in Darfur (and the government itself) were accused of ethnic cleansing, and perhaps as many as 800,000 Sudanese were displaced by the fighting, with many of them fleeing to Chad. A new cease-fire was signed in Apr., 2004, but it too did not hold. Also in April, Turabi and members of his party were again arrested by the government, which accused them of plotting against it; in September the government asserted that a new coup plot involving the jailed Turabi had been uncovered.
There was increasing pressure in mid-2004 from the United Nations, United States, and European Union on Sudan to end the attacks in Darfur, and in July, 2004, Bashir’s government promised the United Nations that it would disarm the militias. A lack of significant progress in ending the fighting and disarming the militias led to UN Security Council resolutions against Sudan in July and September. The latter resolution called for an investigation into whether the attacks were genocide, as U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell had charged. By October it was estimated that 1.5 million had been displaced by the conflict in Darfur. Meanwhile, there were attacks against Sudanese in the south by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a Ugandan rebel group, leading both southern Sudanese rebels and government-allied militias to mount a drive against the LRA.
Additional protocols relating to peace with the SPLA were signed in early in Jan., 2005, and shortly thereafter a final peace agreement was sealed. The deal called for Islamic law to be restricted to the north, for the south to be autonomous and hold a vote on independence in 2011, and for central government power and southern oil revenues to be shared.
In July, 2005, SPLA leader John Garang became Sudan’s vice president, and the state of emergency in force since 1999 was lifted (except in Darfur and two provinces in E Sudan). Garang was killed in a helicopter crash in late July, sparking several days of riots in Khartoum. Salva Kiir was chosen to succeed Garang as head of SPLA and as vice president, and subsequently thousands of refugees from the south began returning there.
Sudan’s power-sharing government was finalized in September, and a government for autonomous S Sudan was established in Juba in Oct., 2005. Since then, however, there has been fighting in S Sudan between the SPLA and other rebels who have refused to be integrated into the SPLA, and between other Sudanese forces and the SPLA.
Attempts to invigorate the much violated AU-monitored peace accord in Darfur progressed slowly in 2006. The African Union failed to win an agreement on a new cease-fire for Darfur, and Sudan objected to replacing the AU monitors with UN peacekeepers. A failed drive by Chadian rebels that reached Ndjamena, Chad’s capital, in Apr., 2006, led to a break in diplomatic relations with Chad, which accused Sudan of supporting the rebels.
An Aug., 2006, UN Security Council resolution establishing a UN peacekeeping force for Darfur was rejected by Sudan, and the AU agreed in September to extend its forces’ mandate until the end of 2006. In Oct., 2006, Chad again accused Sudan of backing a Chadian rebel incursion, and said Sudan’s air force had bombed several E Chadian towns. In early 2007 there was fighting between Chadian and Sudanese forces after Chad’s military pursued rebels into Sudanese territory.
In March, the International Criminal Court accused Ahmed Haroun, a member of the Sudanese government who was responsible for Darfur in 2003–4, of war crimes; the ICC said it had evidence that the Sudanese government had orchestrated militia attacks. The following month, after pressure from China, Sudan agreed to allow some 3,000 UN peacekeepers to join the AU force.
In the second half of 2007 the conflict in Darfur degenerated as a peace conference scheduled to begin in October approached. Some of the Arab militias battled among themselves, a rebel force attacked AU peacekeepers, and government and militia forces attacked the rebel faction that had signed a peace agreement in 2006. A cease-fire was declared by the government at the beginning of the peace conference, but several major factions boycotted the conference, and two rebel groups that did not attend reported that they had been attacked.
About....
General information, cities, towns, municipalities, places, flag, maps, useful Information....
Business
Economy, reports, statistics, banks, directories, jobs, investment, promotion....
Culture
General resources, heritage, art, literature, photography, cinema, music, song, dance, cultural, scientific,
environmental, sporting entities & info....
Education
Schools, colleges, academies, universities, polytechnics, institutions, research, resources, projects....
History
Ancient & modern history, human rights, politics & political parties, related sites, articles....
Media
Newspapers, magazines, news, newsletters, news agencies, radio, TV, internet, articles, reports, cartoons....
Organizations
Government, ministries, overseas missions, embassies, corporations, organizations, industrial entities, centers,
public hospitals, institutions, societies, foreign entities....
Travel
Airlines, air, sea & coach charters services, travel, tours, guides, hotels, resorts, inns, hostels, health,
travel tips, weather....
Gateways
Gateways, search engines and directories to country related sites and information....
Arab Countries
Arab World: Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information. Resources to other Arab countries....
Links Page
For personal pages, private companies & entities, un-categorized and other sites. Add link or view
means 5 languages other than English or Arabic
means it is available in Arabic only and + is available in Arabic and English
Cities, Towns, Municipalities & Places
Features of the town, people....
Info, history, culture, services, historical and recent pictures, links....
Flag, Maps, Useful Information....
The most comprehensive database: statistical, economic and social
Banks
The Central Bank of Sudan....
Provides excellent banking services domestically and internationally
Directories, Job Opportunities
Investment & Promotion....
Extensive database of more than 12,500 projects and tenders.
Updated on a daily basis with the latest business information in 14 countries in the Middle East
Art, Literature, Photography, Cinema....
Writer, novelist, poet....
A leading Sufi figure in Sudan, biography, works, photos, forum, Al-Zreibah....
Activity, companies, places, events, festivals....
Music, Song & Dance....
Cultural, Scientific, Environmental, Sporting Entities & Info
Equestrian news, statistics, archives, breeding, reports....
News, statistics, stars, reports....
Nursery, pre-school, primary....
Electronic systems engineering and computer and information science
At University of Khartoum
Khartoum
Institutions & Organizations
Promoting creative people in the applied and technological fields
Research, Resources & Projects
History of the Kalakla tribe.
Human Rights, Politics & Political Parties....
News, reports, urgent action. Latest annual report....
Human rights developments & report
Overthrowing the Islamic fundamentalist dictatorship. Replacing it with a functioning democracy
Related Sites, Articles....
Daily newspaper....
Daily newspaper....
Monthly magazine (UK)
Daily newspaper....
Daily newspaper
Daily newspaper
OnLine News, Newsletters, News Agencies....
Provide a reasonable and reliable sources of information for Sudanese communities abroad
Online newspaper....
Radio, TV, Internet....
Wajhan li Wajh - TV program dealing with social issues....
Articles, Reports, Cartoons....
Archives, articles and news from different sources
Information concerning investment ,econmic growth, cabinet ministries and members
Creating a favorable investment climate and developing promotional tools
Collect indirect taxes from imports, exports and excise
Business profits Tax , the personal income Tax , the real estates Tax and the stamp duties
Consular affairs, economy & business, human rights, slavery, tourism, Sudan....
Consular affairs, economy, tourism, Sudan....
Corporations, Organizations, Public Hospitals and Industrial Entities
Centers, Institutions, Societies....
Foreign Entities
Reports on conditions for refugees and internally displaced persons
Travel, Tours, Guides.... More country info
Hotels, Resorts, Inns, Hostels....
Weather....
|
Dinka of the Sudan By Francis Mading Deng This ethnography provides a rich, well-balanced view of Dinka life in the Sudan which now form part of modern Sudan but remain among the least touched by modernization. |
|
A History of the Sudan From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day By P. M. Holt, M. W. Daly Describes the making of modern Sudan over the last 150 years and offers a clear, readable and succinct introduction to an area that is seldom out of the world's headlines |
|
Inside Sudan Political Islam, Conflict, and Catastrophe By Donald Petterson Donald Petterson, former U.S.Ambassador to Sudan, has written an unflinching account of modern Sudan. It is the thoroughly human story of a man and his family living and working in Khartoum in the 1990's, the hey-day of Islamic terrorism and fundamentalist belief. |
|
Me Against My Brother At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda By Scott Peterson Peterson does a great job of documenting the trajedies of Africa that simply doesn't seem to interest most Americans. |
|
The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars By Douglas Hamilton Johnson The conflict between the northern and southern Sudan has usually been misunderstood, because the historical roots of the conflict have been misrepresented... |
|
Short History Of Sudan By Mohamed H., Dr. Fadlalla Vividly illuminated by detailed political analysis, it should be read by all those concerned with the future of Sudan |
|
Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence By Jok Madut Jok A summarized necessary reference for everyone who would like to acquire well-basic knowledge about the largest country Africa |
|
War and Slavery in Sudan The Ethnography of Political Violence By Jok Madut Jok This wonderful account blends modern day events with the burden of the past to explain the ongoing genocide in the Sudan and the issue of race and slavery in the conflict. |
|
War of Visions Conflicts of Identities in the Sudan By Francis M. Deng Addresses Sudan's racial, cultural, and religious identity issues in light of the civil war that has raged intermittently there since independence in 1956, and presents three approaches to ending the conflict. |
For comments, reports of deadlinks and adding your URL
